Blood pressure is determined by two factors: the amount of blood the heart pumps and the difficulty with which the blood moves through the arteries. The more blood the heart pumps and the narrower the arteries, the higher the blood pressure.
There are two main types of high blood pressure.
Primary hypertension, also called essential hypertension
For most adults, there is no identifiable cause of high blood pressure. This type of high blood pressure is called primary hypertension or essential hypertension. It tends to develop gradually over many years. The buildup of plaque in the arteries, called atherosclerosis, increases the risk of high blood pressure.
Secondary hypertension
This type of high blood pressure is caused by an underlying medical condition. It tends to come on suddenly and causes higher blood pressure than primary hypertension. Conditions and medications that can lead to secondary hypertension include:
- Pheochromocytoma
- Blood vessel problems that are present from birth, also known as congenital heart defects
- Cough and cold medicines, some pain relievers, birth control pills, and other prescription drugs
- Illegal drugs, such as cocaine and amphetamines
- Kidney disease
- Obstructive sleep apnea
- Thyroid problems
Sometimes just a physical exam can cause your blood pressure to rise. This is called white coat hypertension.
Can high blood pressure be prevented?
- A heart-healthy lifestyle can help prevent high blood pressure and its complications.
- Choose heart-healthy foods that are low in salt (sodium) and high in potassium. Fruits and vegetables are high in potassium. For more ways to reduce sodium, visit the DASH Eating Plan or print our Salt and Sodium Reduction Tips guide.
- Avoid or limit alcohol.
- Exercise regularly: Even moderate amounts can make a difference. Reducing the amount of time you spend sitting each day can help lower your blood pressure.
- Aim for a healthy weight.
- Quit smoking.
- Control your cholesterol and blood sugar. For some tips on controlling your cholesterol, read our booklet Therapeutic Lifestyle Changes to Lower Cholesterol.
- Manage stress.
- Get enough quality sleep.
